spanish cobras flint michigan

Latin Count (Detroit) YouTubes privacy policy is available here and YouTubes terms of service is available here. So many priests and nuns live here and build churches. Those guys were ruthless and wild. 223402) appeal as of right. 527, 655 N.W.2d 251 (2002). M.Booker. Went to Merrill, WAY before the 'Merrill hood" was formed. IMOB (Flint-based gang) Defendant Guerra argues that the purpose of admitting this evidence was to establish that Lieutenant Hagler was a gang expert. Therefore, the evidence demonstrated that he is unable to conform his conduct to the law, and sentencing him within the statutory limits was proper. Spanish Cobras Flint Mi | Spanish Translation by Spanish to Go Bottled Water Distribution By National Guard At Fire Station 6, In Downtown Flint, January 23, 2016, Downtown Flint, Michigan. 320, 323, 608 N.W.2d 539 (2000). 27, 46, 597 N.W.2d 176 (1999). 59, 65, 644 N.W.2d 790 (2002). TermsPrivacyDisclaimerCookiesDo Not Sell My Information, Begin typing to search, use arrow keys to navigate, use enter to select, Stay up-to-date with FindLaw's newsletter for legal professionals. After Hagler announced his purpose and ordered defendant Guerra to comply, defendant Guerra ran in the opposite direction through the house, zigzagging through other rooms. That garage looks a lot like my grandma's old house. Mess with them u might end up floating in the flint river. Of those arrested, 1,098 were arrested on federal and/or state criminal charges, including 21 people arrested on murder-related charges and seven on rape and sexual assault charges. Simple theme. During what the prosecutor argues was a protective sweep of the house, officers observed marijuana. Flint was so much a hub for manufacturing automobiles that it became known as the Vehicle City with the establishments responsible for the automobile manufacturing activities in Flint including General Motors which was founded in the city. Yeah I have a few cousins that were in the D-Boys. Given these circumstances, the trial court did not err in determining that the police conduct was reasonable. 459, 461-462, 617 N.W.2d 363 (2000), and seizures of items in plain view if the officers are lawfully in the position from which they view the item, and if the item's incriminating character is immediately apparent, People v. Champion, 452 Mich. 92, 101, 549 N.W.2d 849 (1996). The statute was intended to create state racketeering law analogous to the Racketeering Influence and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO), 18 USC 1961 et seq. The trial court did not err in applying the judicial guidelines because the offenses of which defendants were convicted occurred before January 1, 1999. For some reason perhaps for snacks we stopped by my grandma's on the way back to school. Defendant Guerra called Parrish in his case-in-chief, apparently to mitigate the testimony of a prosecution witness. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed. Moreover, even without the evidence of defendant Guerra's juvenile act, there was ample evidence to support his conviction as discussed above. People v. Aldrich, 246 Mich.App. Generally, items that are seized during an unlawful search or that are the indirect results of an unlawful search may not be admitted as evidence against a defendant under the exclusionary rule. 2. I know this reads like a sequel to "The Warriors" but I swear it was Flint in the 80s. Lorenzo A. Pacheco, 31 of Mt. C.Proportionality of Defendant Gonzalez's Sentences. Defendant Gonzalez's Consecutive Sentences. This evidence alone was sufficient to support defendant Guerra's conviction. *The colors of the map do not represent anything specific, the above map just breaks down the multiple sections and hoods within the Flint Michigan ghetto. Just a few days ago I stumbled upon an article about the murder of Donald "Juice" Williams and 5 others by Terry Morris. I have never laughed so hard in my life at this, playland was a batting turf to the neighborhood called little Missouri, and the all girl gang on the east side was the Chola's .. looking back now, the smurfs. FLINT, MI - The murder of a 22-year-old Flint man whose body was found after more than a year after he was reported missing was an internal gang act, with one member of the Insane Spanish. Spanish Cobras gang member sentenced to prison after tossing shotgun In this case, defendant Gonzalez was convicted of soliciting Ryan Pinkston to possess less than fifty grams of cocaine with intent to deliver. A mural in downtown Flint of carriages and the old Carriage Town moniker. Chedda Ave (Detroit) Flint Artifacts: 1924 Flint Motor Company Stock Ce Flint Artifacts: 1972 Fisher Body Service Manual, Please don't give Flint auto dealers any ideas. Possession with intent to deliver can be established by circumstantial evidence and reasonable inferences arising from that evidence, just as it can be established by direct evidence. Wolfe, supra at 526, 489 N.W.2d 748. This category has hundreds of words translated into Spanish and English. In two of the transactions, the vehicle involved belonged to Diaz and was followed back to Diaz's home after the sale. East Side Crips (Flint) As part of an investigation of the Spanish Cobras, Michigan State Trooper Dale Girke made several undercover drug transactions to discover the drug source. In this case, the jury found defendant Gonzalez guilty of eleven offenses predicate to racketeering, most of which involved the possession or sale of cocaine and marijuana. MCL 769.34(1) provides that the judicial sentencing guidelines shall not apply to felonies committed on or after January 1, 1999. MCL 769.34(2) provides that the sentencing guidelines promulgated by the Legislature apply to felonies committed on or after January 1, 1999. People v. Reynolds, 240 Mich.App. 750.159i(1): A person employed by, or associated with, an enterprise shall not knowingly conduct or participate in the affairs of the enterprise directly or indirectly through a pattern of racketeering activity. MCL 750.159f(a) defines enterprise as an individual, sole proprietorship, partnership, corporation, limited liability company, trust, union, association, governmental unit, or other legal entity or a group or persons associated in fact although not a legal entity. Two exceptions to the exclusion of evidence seized during a search without a warrant are applicable here: a search incident to a lawful arrest, People v. Toohey, 438 Mich. 265, 271 n. 4, 475 N.W.2d 16 (1991); People v. Eaton, 241 Mich.App. While performing this protective sweep, the officers observed an ashtray containing marijuana seeds and stems on the dining-room table. In addition, some of the money used by Trooper Girke was traced to Diaz. Defense counsel objected after the jury was excused and deliberations commenced. However, this issue is moot8 because the jury did not find defendant Guerra guilty of that offense. The remaining 280 were arrested on administrative immigration violations. Be an expert in no time! Morris and a Spanish Cobras gang member, was sentenced on October 6, 2021 to 63 months in federal prison following his conviction for being a felon in possession of a firearm, Acting U.S. Attorney Saima S. Mohsin announced today. This latest operation clearly shows our collective resolve to attack and dismantle the street gangs that are threatening our communities," said Steve Francis, acting special agent in charge of HSI Detroit. The Spanish Cobras is a primarily, but not exclusively, Latino gang started by Puerto Rican teenagers in Chicago during the late 1950s. Our Supreme Court has interpreted M.C.L. Generally, all relevant evidence is admissible. I'm sure it wasn't the first day of school. Q. Numerous witnesses testified that Petitioner was a member of the Cobras. I think we'd gone on some sort of field trip and my mom drove us. In closing arguments Thursday, Cook County Assistant State's Attorney Mark Shlifka. Essential reading for anyone trying to understand why bad things like the Flint Water Crisis keep happening to Flint. Funny Picture of the Flint Gang. Calling it a record sweep, the federal government announced today the arrests of 1,378 people who were targeted in a six-week-long operation that took down some of the nation's most dangerous gang members,from alleged drug dealers and killers to allegedhuman smugglers and sex traffickers, the government said. While I agree with the result reached by the majority, I write separately because my reasoning differs on several issues. 744, 749, 630 N.W.2d 921 (2001). Cool, a field trip - was it Mott Farm or the planetarium? 649, 652, 459 N.W.2d 86 (1990). Hmu if any1 here wants copies of Kinghood Cykoz/2-11 music & our family group Variety Of Sinz (www.facebook.com/lifeillz), I grew up on Ruth ave when i went to bryant Jr high we used to c juice ridin up n his limo I remember all them gangs especially top dawgs wit they tiger hats I live n Ohio now but my mom still on Ruth man every house on the block gone except hers and my homeboys people on the corner I miss flint how it used to b lowdown from flintown, I didn't hear nobody mention the undertakers any remember that gang. Gang-related violence and criminal activity present an ongoing challenge for law enforcement everywhere. I remember flint. The evidence was material in that defendant's participation in the affairs of the Spanish Cobras was at issue during his trial. The Insane Spanish Cobra Nation are members of the Folks alliance and considered the second-largest Latino Folk gang on the north and west side, with the Maniac Latin Disciples being the first. Const., Am. People v. Colon, 250 Mich.App. Our inquiry is instead limited to whether the trial court properly instructed the jury. The neighborhoods that Spanish Cobras operate in in Chicago are: Spanish Cobras were founded . Issues of prosecutorial misconduct are decided case by case, with the reviewing court examining the pertinent portion of the record and evaluating the prosecutor's remarks in context. People v. Noble, 238 Mich.App. Rather, he argues that the trial court, in response to the jury's inquiry, improperly instructed the jury that it could consider all the relevant evidence introduced during the course of this trial on the element of intent in order to determine whether the possession of cocaine was possession with intent to deliver cocaine.4 Defendant Guerra does not contest that the evidence was properly considered in relation to his racketeering charge. The Cobras are considered the second-largest Latino gang on the north and northwest side, with the Maniac Latin Disciples being the first. Defendant Guerra did not run straight for the back door, but ran through other rooms of the house. Of the alleged predicate offenses underlying the racketeering charge against defendant Gonzalez, only one occurred after January 1, 1999, intimidating a witness in March 1999. Man, you are dry snitchin' on nem deLeons. Are there insane Spanish cobras in Michigan? - Answers People v. Spann, 250 Mich.App. I live near Cincinnati, Ohio, if youve heard of Kings Island, I live near there. The photo album was, therefore, relevant to show the existence of the Spanish Cobras and defendants' membership therein. People v. Lukity, 460 Mich. 484, 495, 596 N.W.2d 607 (1999). Maryland v. Buie, 494 U.S. 325, 337, 110 S.Ct. Fortunately, they never really destroyed anything in the neighborhood or harmed any innocent people that I was ever aware of during those occassions. Joking, of course. 712A.4, the circuit court did not have jurisdiction to consider the charge of delivery of cocaine or possession with intent to deliver cocaine that occurred when he was a juvenile, absent a waiver hearing. Defendant Guerra next argues that the prosecutor improperly introduced evidence of gang affiliation without an adequate foundation. This witness was then questioned about cocaine solicitation, to which the witness responded that there was just one incident. The exchange continued: A. Anyway, here's my list- 1980s: Top Dawgs, Bad Boys Inc., Smurfs Inc. (no joke, a fairly large gang in the early/mid 80s), Westside Warlords, Westside Rockers, Yellowjackets, Mexican Mafia, Acapony Stonyonys, Southside Boys, Greens (Saginaw). Pray 4 Our City ! The Flint River runs through the city and has been a site where local industries illegally dump wastes. Damn, I mention the Mikatam and the comment section turns into a bar free for all. I was gonna suggest that as a future subject. Q. Of the total arrests,13 were members of Detroit-based gangs, including the Latin Count, 18th Street, Cheddda Avenue and Surenos. Absolutely terrifying. ICE Acting Director Thomas Homan said in a press release that this has been an ongoing issue and is reliant on local law enforcement to end the threat that gangs pose. Courtesy Linda Parton/Shutterstock.com. 7. Our efforts to dismantle gangs are much more effective in areas where partnership with local law enforcement is strongest.. Defendants first argue that the trial court abused its discretion in admitting evidence concerning the criminal activities of others. The trial court sentenced defendant Guerra to thirteen years and four months to twenty years in prison for the racketeering conviction, eight to twenty years in prison for the conviction of possession with intent to deliver cocaine, one year and four months to two years in prison for the conviction of maintaining a drug house, and two years for the felony-firearm conviction. A. Four members of the Insane Spanish Cobra gang in Michigan are accused of taking turns to rape a 13-year-old girl and then tattooing her with gang insignia. FLINT, MI The murder of a 22-year-old Flint man whose body was found after more than a year after he was reported missing was an internal gang act, with one member of the Insane Spanish Cobras killing another, according to court testimony. Slim Chiply Lives: You Know You're From Flint if Flint Artifacts: WTAC Big 600 1967 Playlist. All rights reserved. Therefore, we find the trial court did not err in imposing consecutive sentences for these offenses. The material on this site may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, cached or otherwise used, except with the prior written permission of Advance Local. We disagree.7 Issues of subject-matter jurisdiction are reviewed de novo. Please try again. At the end of the day we all suffered in some way. Defendant Guerra appeals his convictions of racketeering,2 M.C.L. Much love to each one of you. Jacob Yrles, 19, Anthony Bunn, 18,. U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcements Homeland Security Investigations, ran from March 26 through May 6. 3. The trial court did not err in denying defendant Guerra's motion to suppress. Im married, and my daughter, is 24, which is unbelievable, even to me! DBoyz ring a bell. And hope you are doing well! Community Rules apply to all content you upload or otherwise submit to this site. Vacant house with local graffiti on the citys East Side. People v. Knapp, 244 Mich.App. Flintexpats.com respects the intellectual property of others. In the city of Flint, the rise of the black population in the early days could be attributed to the general influx of skilled workers into the city during the boom of manufacturing activities as many relocated from communities in southern states. If you had the chance to live in FLINT back in the good old days you can live anywhere in the USA . In this Spanish category, you will find the translation of words and phrases in Spanish, with many sentences that will help you determine how each phrase or word is applied. The old neighborhood has changed so dramatically since that time. Contact us. (gg) A felony violation of section 535, 535a, 536a, concerning stolen, embezzled, or converted property. Regardless of this waiver, though it may be error requiring reversal to exclude evidence of a prosecution witness's plea agreement on the basis of the right of confrontation, People v. Mumford, 183 Mich.App. No decisions have been made, but one development firm, informally known as the Harvard Group, hopes to repurpose and restore the Central High School-Whittier Classical Academy campus. While many may view the black community of Flint as impoverish, the East Side is one of the citys lowest income areas with a mixture of Hispanics living amongst white families as the neighborhood is centered around Franklin Avenue. Was the gang photograph on the first day of school? Initially, claims of the unhealthiness of the water delivered to homes was denied until research showed a highly unhealthy level of lead in the water as well as the blood of children. Because other evidence had already been admitted that tended to establish that Diaz was a member and leader of the Spanish Cobras, this additional evidence tended to show that the Spanish Cobras was an organization involved in the street sale of cocaine. But not all were accused of being gang members. I find no error requiring reversal in the admission of the other evidence challenged on appeal because I conclude that the admission of evidence of guns found in the search was harmless, and that witness Theresa Goodman provided adequate foundation for testimony concerning the drug transactions with Diaz and Mary Parrish. PRISON GANGS SPANISH COBRAS | The #SpanishCobras is a primarily, but But now I'm grown up and live in south carolina so different , miss flint everyday shout out to Chris Reed, Mike London, jay english, RIP Matt (boogie man) Booker flint in the 90's best times in my life. About: Spanish Cobras - DBpedia Regarding the evidence of weapons found in the home, both defendants were seen possessing firearms and defendant Guerra was charged with felony-firearm. Nonetheless, this testimony also tended to show that the Spanish Cobras were an enterprise involved in drug trafficking and violence. Use of and/or registration on any portion of this site constitutes acceptance of our User Agreement (updated 4/4/2023), Privacy Policy and Cookie Statement, and Your Privacy Choices and Rights (updated 1/26/2023). PEOPLE of the State of Michigan, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Israel J. GONZALEZ, Defendant-Appellant. So that would have been either just-would-would it be fair to say winter can be either side of New Year's. (iii)At least 1 of the incidents occurred within this state on or after the effective date of the amendatory act that added this section, and the last of the incidents occurred within 10 years after the commission of any prior incident, excluding any period of imprisonment served by a person engaging in the racketeering activity. We will not reverse a conviction if the instructions fairly presented the issues to be tried and sufficiently protected the defendant's rights. Therefore, this evidence was also relevant. MCL 333.7401(3) prescribes consecutive sentencing for offenses involving controlled substances that are enumerated in M.C.L. B. We disagree. MRE 402. 769.10, he could be sentenced to a maximum term that was not more than 1-1/2 times the longest term prescribed for the offense. Both of these items were immediately recognizable as contraband and were located in plain view. Therefore, the alleged instructional error did not affect defendant Guerra's substantial rights. Specifically, defendant Guerra argues that the prosecutor improperly elicited the testimony of Lieutenant Hagler regarding names of other gang members whose identities were derived from hearsay and gang profiles. Of the total arrests,13 were members of Detroit-based gangs, includingthe Latin Count, 18th Street, Cheddda Avenue and Surenos. (good times & BAD) 1 thing about my neighborhood (SelbyHood) we really stuck together. Not too long after that, probably in the wintertime after that. Of the 1,378 arrests, 1,098 were on federal or state charges, including 21 with murder-related charges and seven for rape and sexual assault. An all female gang on the east side?!? Anyway, it included a lotta Flint crime tidbits.Anyway, heres my list- 1980s: Top Dawgs, Bad Boys Inc., Smurfs Inc. (no joke, a fairly large gang in the early/mid 80s), Westside Warlords, Westside Rockers, Yellowjackets, Mexican Mafia, Acapony Stonyonys, Southside Boys, Greens (Saginaw).1990s: Insane Spanish Cobra Nation, Vice Lords, Pierson Hood, Selby Hood, Merrill Hood, Voltron Posse (again, a small but deadly crew), Aryan Nations gang on the northeast side, ummm I know there are many more but I can't recall right now. V.Jurisdiction Over Predicate Juvenile Offense. It wasn't done because we looked so menacing but to gently poke fun at Marcus, who's now a homicide detective. A proud Homedale alumni. However, the error did not affect the outcome of the trial. I'm from the 60s .ran the street .mex miffe and cob r sa .deveils decides. Accordingly, the evidence found pursuant to the warrant was admissible against defendant Guerra at trial. It was reasonable to perform a protective sweep of the house, including the basement, to ensure that no individuals were hiding in the house. I recently learned that the photo at the top of the post was printed out and posted at the Flint Police Dept. My old hood. Defendant Guerra also argues that the trial court erred in refusing to instruct the jury that the trial court did not have jurisdiction over a predicate offense that occurred when defendant Guerra was a juvenile. 520, 524-525, 470 N.W.2d 90 (1991). The source of water for residents of Flint before 2013 was thus Detroit. Learn basic Spanish. It was also probative, making his leadership in the Spanish Cobras more probable. Pursuant to M.C.L. Moreover, defendant Gonzalez was a second-offense habitual offender, having previously been convicted of cocaine possession. Gang-related violence and criminal activity present an ongoing challenge for law enforcement everywhere.". An actor's intent may be inferred from all of the facts and circumstances, and because of the difficulty of proving an actor's state of mind, minimal circumstantial evidence is sufficient. Id. The evidence demonstrated that defendant Gonzalez was a leader of the Spanish Cobras and induced others to commit crimes. More Local Journalism to Love Start today for 50% off Expires 4/30/23. Well, that-that it was-it had-I think it was in the winter of 98-. Very scary stuff the neighborhood guys got together and there was a small riot.. And in the 50's strike at the plant.Fisher body that is. Feds nab 1,378 in record gang sweep; 20 came from Michigan MCR 2.515(C). They were a loose conglomeration of white, high school dropouts that talked openly about committing crimes against non-whites. To begin with, we note that defendant Guerra did not object to the admission of similar-acts evidence, nor does he argue on appeal that the evidence was improperly admitted. This Court reviews the sentence of an habitual offender for an abuse of discretion. People v. Eaton, 184 Mich.App. there were also Blackstones.i moved to flintown from chitown in 1990 so the midwest gang thing wasnt new to me.its crazy how many gangs there are in the midwest vs the ones on the west & east coast. The officers knew that other individuals affiliated with the Spanish Cobras, including some wanted for assaultive crimes and murder, were still at large and could be hiding in defendant Guerra's home. The decision whether to admit evidence is within the discretion of the trial court and will not be disturbed on appeal absent a clear abuse of discretion. English to Spanish translation of "cobras espaolas flint mi" (Spanish cobras flint mi). Defendant Guerra was not charged with any conduct that occurred after 1998. I remember when the Coba (torn down now) was the hot spot flint has it ups and down like everywhere ele and I believe that the police killed Juice. In these consolidated appeals from a joint jury trial, defendants Israel J. Gonzalez (Docket No. This Court reviews for clear error a trial court's ruling on a motion to suppress evidence. Morris, a member of the Spanish Cobras gang, was sentenced by U.S. District Court Judge Matthew F. Leitman Wednesday, Oct. 6 to 63 months in prison following his. More Local Journalism to Love Start today for 50% off Expires 4/30/23. Therefore, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying defendant Guerra's request to present the fact that Parrish was offered a plea agreement by the prosecution. People v. Stevens (After Remand), 460 Mich. 626, 631, 597 N.W.2d 53 (1999). People v. Sabin (After Remand), 463 Mich. 43, 67, 614 N.W.2d 888 (2000). Pursuant to M.C.L. It was clean, nice, and WHITE. Flint man's May 2020 murder was result of internal gang dispute If an habitual offender's underlying felony and criminal history demonstrate that he is unable to conform his conduct to the law, a sentence within the statutory limit is proportionate. Id. Defendant Guerra next argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress evidence found in his home. 223401) and David A. Guerra (Docket No. A sentencing court abuses its discretion when it violates the principle of proportionality, which requires that a sentence be proportionate to the seriousness of the crime and the defendant's record. The right of individuals to be secure against unreasonable searches and seizures is guaranteed by both the federal and state constitutions. Generally, appellate review of sentencing under the judicial sentencing guidelines is limited to whether the sentencing court abused it discretion. The Cobras are considered the second-largest Latino gang on the north and northwest side, with the Maniac Latin Disciples being the first. 933 of the arrests were U.S. citizens and 45 were foreign nationals. Neighborhood, The Definitive Genesee Towers Implosion Video. The Cobras are part of the Folk Nation; symbols include the cobra,and the initials "SC". Contact Tresa Baldas: tbaldas@freepress.com. The water crisis of Flint led to legal actions some of which are ongoing. Regarding the similar-acts evidence and the jury's consideration of the evidence in relation to the count of possession with intent to deliver, I find no error requiring reversal under the circumstances because defendant Guerra did not request a limiting instruction when the evidence was admitted, and objects to the evidence only on the basis of failure to give the notice required by MRE 404(b). Cookie Settings/Do Not Sell My Personal Information. It is particularly known that within the period of a decade, from 2003 to 2104, about 55 million dollars of revenue was diverted from Flint, an act that contributed to the water crisis of the city that had several spillover effects. U.S. Thanks for commenting. I grew up in the 1500 block of Belle. 463, 465-468, 648 N.W.2d 221 (2002). at 64, 644 N.W.2d 790. Pursuant to the search warrant, police seized two bags containing over ten grams of cocaine, a nine-millimeter, semiautomatic pistol, a quilt with gang symbols and colors, other gang-related material and photographs, and drug paraphernalia. On the front of the album was Diaz's photograph cut in a diamond shape, a Spanish Cobras symbol. The operation targeted gang members and associates involved in transnational criminal activity, including drug trafficking, weapons smuggling, human smuggling and sex trafficking, murder and racketeering. [Id., citing Frank v. D'Ambrosi, 4 F.3d 1378, 1386 (C.A.6, 1993).]. Powered by. Unhealthy levels of feacal coliform was also found in the tap water across Flint. We also note that defendant Guerra did not object to the evidence of the offense when it was admitted at trial. People v. Pesquera, 244 Mich.App. The trial court did not err in admitting the evidence that defendant Guerra ordered another Spanish Cobra member to assault Ryan Pinkston. Additionally, some of the arrest warrants against defendant Guerra were for violent offenses. Just wanna give a shout out to the deleon family. They include: 17 members of the Seven Mile Blood street gang. Nine members of the Bounty Hunter Bloods street gang. 13 members of the Latin Counts street gang. 14 members of the Phantom Outlaw Motorcycle Club/Vice Lords street gang. Four Vice Lord members in state court on armed robbery charges and a Vice Lord leader charged under the federal street gang statute in his role in that armed robbery. Nine Vice Lords members on racketeering charges stemming from the shooting of four family members who were gunned down at their home on Detroits northwest side; Three members of the Band Crew street gang. 10 members of the RTM street gang. 24 people on drug conspiracy charges of running heroin, crack and cocaine rings in 16different houses in the east-side Ravendale neighborhood of Detroit. Michigan accounted for 20 of the total arrests, all of which came from Detroit and Flint. Possession with intent to deliver less than fifty grams of cocaine is prohibited by M.C.L. I grew up on the corner of Sunny & Sterling Street. Numerous biker gangs. To the extent that the trial court's decision is based on an interpretation of the law, our review is de novo.

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spanish cobras flint michigan